SABIIA - Sistema Aberto e Integrado de Informação em Agricultura (Sabiia)

WHAT CAN WE LEARN FROM THE ADM GLOBAL PRICE CONSPIRACIES?

Connor, John M..

Both market structure and corporate practices of Archer Daniels Midland fostered the implementation of the largest price- fixing conspiracies seen in modern times. These events have spurred renewed attention by U.S. antitrust authorities in prosecuting international cartels. The overcharges imposed on buyers of lysine and citric acid during 1994-1995 by ADM and its co-conspirators amounted to at least $200 million, and the total amount of public penalties, private damages, and legal costs exceeds $500 million. Perpetrators of price-fixing now face monetary exposures that are five times the amount of the harm caused to buyers.

Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper

Palavras-chave: Price fixing; Lysine; Citric acid; Sweeteners; Wet-corn milling; Starch industry; Archer Daniels Midland; Market structure; Monopoly overcharge; Antitrust law; Legal damages; U.S. Department of Justice; Demand and Price Analysis.

Ano: 1997

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/28653

ARCHER DANIELS MIDLAND: PRICE FIXER TO THE WORLD (Third Edition)

Connor, John M..

ADM was at the center of two large global price-fixing conspiracies. Buyers were overcharged $116 to $378 million in the United States. Market structure and corporate management style facilitated these cartels. The criminal prosecutions and defendants' legal strategies were both laudatory, but civil plaintiffs were short-changed. ADM has undergone severe management restructuring, but the effectiveness of apprehending global cartels with national legal enforcement is questionable.

Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper

Palavras-chave: Price fixing; Global cartel; Antitrust; Citric acid; Market structure; Structural change; Lysine; International trade; Archer Daniels Midland; Welfare analysis; Demand and Price Analysis.

Ano: 1998

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/28621

Distribution of soluble amino acids in maize endosperm mutants

Connor, John M..

Both market structure and corporate practices of Archer Daniels Midland fostered the implementation of the largest price-fixing conspiracies seen in modern times. The overcharges imposed on U.S. buyers of lysine and citric acid during 1994-1995 by ADM and its co-conspirators amounted to at least $250 million, and the total amount of public penalties, private damages, and legal costs exceeds $740 million. Perpetrators of price-fixing now face monetary exposures that are five times the amount of the harm caused to buyers. These events have spurred renewed attention by U.S. antitrust authorities in prosecuting international cartels.

Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper

Ano: 1998

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/28680

Scientia Agricola

Toro,Alejandro Alberto; Medici,Leonardo Oliveira; Sodek,Ladaslav; Lea,Peter John; Azevedo,Ricardo Antunes.

For human nutrition the main source of vegetable proteins are cereal and legume seeds. The content of total soluble amino acids in mature endosperm of wild-type, opaque and floury maize (Zea mays L.) mutants were determined by HPLC. The total absolute concentration of soluble amino acids among the mutants varied depending on the mutant. The o11 and o13 mutants exhibited the highest average content, whereas o10, fl3 and fl1 exhibited the lowest average content. In general, the mutants exhibited similar concentrations of total soluble amino acids when compared to the wild-type lines, with the clear exception of mutants o11 and fl1, with the o11 mutant exhibiting a higher concentration of total soluble amino acids when compared to its wild-type counterpart...

Lysine catabolism: flow, metabolic role and regulation

Palavras-chave: Zea mays; Lysine; Threonine; Methionine.

Ano: 2003

URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0103-90162003000100014

Braz. J. Plant Physiol.

Fornazier,Ricardo Francisco; Azevedo,Ricardo Antunes; Ferreira,Renato Rodrigues; Varisi,Vanderlei Aparecido.

Lysine is an essential amino acid, synthesized in plants in the aspartic acid pathway. The lysine catabolism is performed by the action of two consecutive enzymes, lysine 2-oxoglutarate reductase (LOR) and saccharopine dehydrogenase (SDH). The steady state of lysine is controlled by both, synthesis and catabolism rates, with the final soluble lysine concentration in cereal seeds a direct result of these processes. In the last 40 years, the enzymes involved in lysine biosynthesis have been purified and characterized from some plant species such as carrot, maize, barley, rice, and coix. Recent reports have revealed that lysine degradation might be related to various physiological processes, for instance growth, development and response to environmental...

Starter dietary lysine level and strain cross effects on performance and carcass traits of broiler females

Palavras-chave: Amino acids; Lysine; Metabolism; Mutants.

Ano: 2003

URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1677-04202003000100002

Corzo,A; Kidd,MT.

Dietary lysine has been shown to impact the performance of broilers, particularly with aspect of breast meat accretion and yield. There have been studies that suggest that early dietary lysine has an effect on breast meat yield in male broilers. A study was designed to evaluate starter dietary lysine (1.20 vs 1.35% of diet as achieved by the addition of L-lysine at the expense of a filler) effect on performance of female broilers from three different genetic strain crosses, and monitor subsequent effects at 41 and 56 d of age. Body weight and feed consumption were higher for birds consuming the high lysine starter diet, but feed conversions were similar when compared to the low lysine diet. Body weight and feed conversion were similar among strains....

Isolation of enzymes involved in threonine biosynthesis from sorghum seeds

Palavras-chave: Breast meat; Broiler; Lysine; Performance.

Ano: 2004

URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1516-635X2004000200004

Braz. J. Plant Physiol.

Ferreira,Renato Rodrigues; Vendemiatti,Ariane; Meinhardt,Lyndel Wayne; Lea,Peter John; Azevedo,Ricardo Antunes.

Cereal seeds are poor in essential amino acids, particularly lysine, tryptophan and threonine. The amino acids lysine and threonine are synthesized in the aspartate pathway. Although most of the enzymes of the aspartate pathway have been isolated and characterized in higher plant species, the metabolism of lysine and threonine is totally unknown in sorghum. We have isolated two enzymes, aspartate kinase (AK) and homoserine dehydrogenase (HSDH) from sorghum. Optimum assay conditions were established for the determination of AK and HSDH activities. The highest level of activity was observed in immature seeds. AK was shown to be inhibited by threonine and lysine indicating the existence of at least two isoenzymes, one sensitive to threonine inhibition and the...

Energy and lysine for broilers from 44 to 55 days of age

Palavras-chave: Amino acids; Aspartate kinase; Homoserine dehydrogenase; Lysine; Threonine.

Ano: 2004

URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1677-04202004000200005

Araújo,LF; Junqueira,OM; Araújo,CSS; Barbosa,LCGS; Ortolan,JH; Faria,DE; Stringhini,JH.

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the performance and carcass yield of broilers at 55 days of age fed diets with different levels of metabolizable energy and lysine. Evaluated data of performance were weight gain, feed intake, energy intake, lysine intake, caloric conversion and feed conversion. Carcass assessment was performed based on data from carcass yield, breast weight, whole wings, whole legs, back, head + neck, feet and abdominal fat. A 3 x 3 factorial arrangement was used, with 3 levels of metabolizable energy (3,200; 3,400 and 3,600 kcal ME/kg) and 3 lysine levels (0.95%; 1.05% and 1.15%). There was no interaction between the two factors. Nevertheless, increasing levels of metabolizable energy improved weight gain (745 g; 841 g and 910 g,...

Protein, methionine+cystine and lysine levels for Japanese quails during the production phase

Palavras-chave: Broilers; Lysine; Metabolizable energy; Performance.

Ano: 2005

URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1516-635X2005000400007

Garcia,EA; Mendes,AA; Pizzolante,CC; Saldanha,ESPB; Moreira,J; Mori,C; Pavan,AC.

An experiment was conducted at Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia/Unesp - Botucatu for 168 days to evaluate the effects of protein, Met + Cys and lysine diet levels on egg production and egg quality of laying Japanese quails. Quails with 42 days of age were reared in a completely randomized design. There were 1,944 quails distributed in four replicates of 27 birds per pen, according to a factorial 3x3x2 with three crude protein levels (16, 18 and 20% CP), three Met + Cys levels (0.700; 0.875 and 1.050%) and two lysine levels (1.100 and 1.375%). Birds fed diets with 18 and 20% CP had higher feed intake and egg production than those fed diets with 16% CP. There was significant interaction (p<0.05) between protein and Met + Cys levels on egg...

Determination of aspartate kinase activity in maize tissues

Palavras-chave: Egg production; Egg quality; Lysine; Methionine+Cystine; Protein; Quails.

Ano: 2005

URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1516-635X2005000100002

Scientia Agricola

Ferreira,Renato Rodrigues; Vendemiatti,Ariane; Gratão,Priscila Lupino; Lea,Peter John; Azevedo,Ricardo Antunes.

Lysine, threonine, methionine and isoleucine are synthesized from aspartate in a branched pathway in higher plants. Aspartate kinase plays a key role in the control of the aspartate pathway. The enzyme is very sensitive to manipulation and storage and the hydroxamate assay normally used to determine aspartate kinase activity has to be altered according to the plant species and tissue to be analyzed. We have optimized the assay for the determination of aspartate kinase in maize plants callus cell cultures. Among all the assay parameters tested, the concentration of ATP/Mg and temperature were critical for enzyme activity. In the case of temperature, 35°C was shown to be the optimum temperature for aspartate kinase activity.

Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/report

Palavras-chave: Aspartate pathway; Maize; Lysine; Threonine; Methionine.

Ano: 2005

URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0103-90162005000200015

Are high-lysine cereal crops still a challenge?

BJMBR

Ferreira,R.R.; Varisi,V.A.; Meinhardt,L.W.; Lea,P.J.; Azevedo,R.A..

The essential amino acids lysine and threonine are synthesized in higher plants via a pathway starting with aspartate that also leads to the formation of methionine and isoleucine. Lysine is one of most limiting amino acids in plants consumed by humans and livestock. Recent genetic, molecular, and biochemical evidence suggests that lysine synthesis and catabolism are regulated by complex mechanisms. Early kinetic studies utilizing mutants and transgenic plants that over-accumulate lysine have indicated that the major step for the regulation of lysine biosynthesis is at the enzyme dihydrodipicolinate synthase. Despite this tight regulation, recent strong evidence indicates that lysine catabolism is also subject to control, particularly in cereal seeds. The...

Breeding Quality Protein Maize (QPM): Protocols for Developing QPM Cultivars

Palavras-chave: Lysine; Threonine; Aspartate; Nutritionally improved crops; Methionine; Amino acids.

Ano: 2005

URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-879X2005000700002

Vivek, B.S.; Krivanek, A.F.; Palacios-Rojas, N.; Twumasi-Afriyie, S.; Diallo, Alpha O..

This manual is intended for maize breeders who would like to start developing quality protein maize (QPM) cultivars. It is a compilation and consolidation of several breeding protocols successfully used at CIMMYT over two decades of QPM development and breeding. A brief background and the basic theory of QPM genetics are explained, leading up to detailed methods and procedures of QPM development.

Tipo: Report

Palavras-chave: Zea mays; Plant breeding; Breeding methods; Genetic resources; Protein quality; Protein content; Application methods; Lysine; Tryptophan; Food composition; Crop Production/Industries; F30; Q04.

Ano: 2008

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/56179

The influence of crude protein level in the basal diet on the determination of lysine requirements for broiler performance and part yields

Viola,TH; Kessler,A de M; Ribeiro,AML; Silva,ICM da; Krás,R.

Amino acid requirements can be studied maintaining or not the ratio of the amino acids to lysine and changing or not dietary crude protein level. A third alternative was studied in this study conducted to evaluate broiler performance and weight gain of carcass parts, in response to increasing dietary digestible lysine (dig Lys) levels (0.70, 0.80, 0.90, 1.00, 1.055, 1.11, 1.165, and 1.22%). Two basal diets were formulated to contain 19.0% (diet A) and 20.5% (diet B) crude protein, and Met, Arg and Thr levels were formulated to maintain their ideal ratio to Lys. Three hundred and twenty CobbXCobb500 broilers, from 19 to 40 days of age, were used. Basal diet A was set for the 4 lowest levels of dig Lys, and diet B for the other four levels. Body weight (BW),...

Adición de ractopamina a dietas con baja proteína formuladas con tres niveles de lisina digestible para cerdos en engorda.

Palavras-chave: Amino acid balance; Basal diets; Broiler; Lysine; Protein.

Ano: 2009

URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1516-635X2009000300003

Colegio de Postgraduados

Estrada Godoy, Jesús.

Se ha tratado de encontrar el menor nivel de proteína cruda (PC) en dietas sorgo-pasta de soya adicionada con AA sintéticos que mantenga los resultados productivos de la dieta estándar; también se ha tratado de encontrar un aditivo capaz de mejorar la respuesta productiva de cerdos alimentados con dietas con baja proteína (DBP). Uno de estos aditivos podría ser el compuesto β-adrenérgico Ractopamina (RAC). Por ello, se realizó un experimento para evaluar el comportamiento productivo (ganancia diaria de peso, GDP; consumo de alimento, CAL; conversión alimenticia, CA; ganancia de carne magra, GCM), las características de la canal (área del músculo longissimus, AML; grasa dorsal, GD; porcentaje de carne magra, %CM) y la concentración de urea en plasma de 36...

Palavras-chave: Cerdos; Dietas con baja proteína; Ractopamina; Lisina; Concentración de urea en plasma; Pigs; Low-protein diets; Ractopamine; Lysine; Plasma urea nitrogen concentration.

Ano: 2011

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10521/442

Adición de ractopamina a dietas con baja proteína formuladas con tres niveles de lisina digestible para cerdos en engorda.

Colegio de Postgraduados

Estrada Godoy, Jesús.

Palavras-chave: Cerdos; Dietas con baja proteína; Ractopamina; Lisina; Concentración de urea en plasma; Pigs; Low-protein diets; Ractopamine; Lysine; Plasma urea nitrogen concentration.

Ano: 2011

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10521/442

Effects of lysine levels of diets formulated based on total or digestible amino acids on broiler carcass composition

Nasr,J; Kheiri,F.

The study was conducted to evaluate carcass yield and chemical composition of thigh and breast muscles of broilers fed three different lysine requirement levels: high lysine (+10% NRC), standard (NRC) and low lysine (-10% NRC) and two ways of expressing amino acids in feedstuffs (total or digestible amino acids). The results of this study showed that diet formulation based on digestible amino acids significantly influenced breast yield and abdominal fat deposition. The study showed that increasing lysine level (+10% NRC) of diet significantly increased both carcass and breast percentage and also carcass, breast and thigh weight. The interaction between digestible amino acids and lysine requirement levels affected carcass and breast percentage. Feeding...

Effect of different digestible isoleucine/lysine ratios for broiler chickens

Palavras-chave: Amino acids; Carcass; Digestible; Lysine; Requirements.

Ano: 2012

URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1516-635X2012000400004

R. Bras. Zootec.

Tavernari,Fernando de Castro; Lelis,Guilherme Rodrigues; Carneiro,Paulo Roberto de Oliveira; Vieira,Rodolfo Alves; Polveiro,Richard Costa; Luengas,Jorge Armando Prada; Rostagno,Horacio Santiago; Albino,Luiz Fernando Teixeira.

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate different digestible isoleucine/lysine ratios on diets for broiler chickens in the starter (7 to 21 days) and finishing (30 to 43 days) phases. For the tests, the experimental design was of randomized blocks with seven treatments (six different digestible isoleucine/lysine ratios and a control treatment) and eight repetitions of 25 and 20 birds (COBB males) per experimental unit in the starter and finishing phases, respectively. The diets met the requirements, except for isoleucine and lysine. To avoid excess lysine in the experimental diets, the digestible lysine content was calculated to be 87% and 89% of the recommended for the starter and finishing phases, respectively. The control treatment was adequate in...